慈竹克隆种群能量动态研究

本文引用Ｈａｒｐｅｒ的构件结构理论,从克隆构件,克隆分株和克隆种群３个层次,系统探索我国特有种慈竹克隆种群能量动态,研究结果表明：慈竹克隆种群单位量能值变化随其生长季节,生长发育阶段和年龄不同而异,冬季单位能值升高,换叶期单位能值聚然下降;生殖阶段单位能值降低,但龄级间差异较大,慈竹克隆种群具整合作用。影响慈竹克隆种群能量变动的因素主要是大气温度,湿度和种群生殖与换叶等。     

Impact of introduced native herbivores on a Pistia stratiotes infestation close to the Paraná Delta in Argentina

Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is an important weed in many waterways worldwide. The South American weevil Neohydronomus affinis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the planthopper Lepidelphax pistiae Remes Lenicov (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) are specific herbivores of P. stratiotes. Both species, plus the oligophagous moth Samea multiplicalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were released in a P. stratiotes-infested lake in the suburbs of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where previous sampling indicated that specific herbivores were absent. The weevil and the planthopper established and covered the whole lake in under two months. The moth may have also established but its numbers were very low and erratic. Plant cover, biomass per square metre, and individual plant size decreased markedly within a year after the release of the insects. Concomitantly, other floating macrophytes appeared in the lake. Insect abundance was related to mean monthly temperature and light hours, but not the other insect species. However, insect damage levels and the state of the plant population suggest that herbivory was the main factor in lowering the P. stratiotes populations. N. affinis and L. pistiae could be specific, damaging and compatible as biocontrol agents for P. stratiotes.     

四种菊头蝠染色体组型分析

本文分析了皮氏菊头蝠(R. pearsoni chinensis),鲁氏菊头蝠(R.rouxi sinicus),角菊头蝠(R.cornutus pumilus)及中菊头蝠(R.affinis)的常规核型,现报道如下。     

家用洗涤剂对红剑鱼、孔雀鱼和食蚊鱼的急性毒性实验观察

目的 研究4种不同产地的家用洗涤剂对红剑鱼、孔雀鱼和食蚊鱼的急性毒性影响。方法 用水毒理学方法测定它们对3种鱼类的24hLC50,并将洗涤剂溶液存放15d和30d后测定其对鱼类的急性毒性。结果 在远低于日常使用量的浓度下,4种家用洗涤剂均对红剑鱼、孔雀鱼和食蚊鱼有急性毒性,24h LC50值在20mg／L～55mg／L;家用洗涤剂溶液存放一段时间后对鱼类的急性毒性作用无明显降低。结论 含有大量家用洗涤剂的生活污水排放到自然水体后将对鱼类产生持续的有害影响。     

Observations of two deep-sea chimaeroids in Icelandic waters

Long-term survey time series repeated occurrence of the deep-sea chimaeroid species small-eyed rabbitfish Hydrolagus affinis and large-eyed rabbitfish H. mirabilis have been observed at same but few locations in Icelandic waters over 23 years. For H. affinis the catch at one specific station has consisted almost exclusively of mature males over the time period. Identification of potential aggregation locations is of vital importance to natural resource management because such aggregation may render these species vulnerable to potential fishing activities.     

四川2种丛生竹理化特性及纤维形态研究

以四川不同地区两种丛生竹—慈竹和梁山慈竹为研究对象,通过测定纤维素和木质素含量以及纤维形态,对其变异规律进行研究。结果表明,同一地区不同竹种间纤维素和木质素含量差异显著,同一竹种不同地区间纤维素和木质素含量、纤维长度、宽度和纤维长宽比因地域差异而异,且与竹龄有关。从纸浆用竹和纤维原料综合考虑,竹海地区的慈竹（纤维素含量在45%左右,木质素含量低于28%）、梁山慈竹（纤维素含量在50%以上,木质素含量低于20%）比较适合竹浆造纸。     

Heterogeneity of plant phenotypes caused by herbivore-specific induced responses influences the spatial distribution of herbivores

Abstract.  1. Herbivory can induce resistance in a plant and the induced phenotype may be disfavoured by subsequent herbivores. Yet, as the distance between plants in a population increases, limited mobility may make a herbivore more likely to feed and oviposit on host plants in its immediate surroundings.
2. The present study tested whether a herbivore's preference and distribution across plants with different induced phenotypes was influenced by the spatial distribution of plants. A fragmented population of Solanum dulcamara plants was created. This consisted of discrete, spatially separated patches with different histories of damage, either herbivory from adult flea beetles ( Psylliodes affinis ), tortoise beetles ( Plagiometriona clavata ), or mechanical damage. Each patch was separated by 7 m and consisted of 12 plants that were spaced 30 cm apart. Then a fixed number of adult tortoise beetles were introduced to each patch, and movement and oviposition within and between spatially separate homogeneous patches (receiving one type of damage) were compared with movement and oviposition within heterogeneous patches (containing all three types of damage) over the growing season.
3. Flea beetle and tortoise beetle herbivory consistently induced different phytochemical responses in S. dulcamara (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase), and adult tortoise beetles avoided oviposition on the flea beetle induced plants within heterogeneous patches. However, between homogeneous patches, plant phenotype did not influence oviposition. Colonisation by naturally occurring flea beetle adults followed a similar pattern.
4. These results suggest that the heterogeneity of plant phenotypes can influence herbivore choice and distribution at small but not large spatial scales.     

竹裂爪螨毛竹种群与慈竹种群对不同寄主植物的适应性及其生殖隔离

对危害毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)和慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)的竹裂爪螨(Schizotetranychus bambusae)两个种群进行相互间的食性选择和生殖隔离试验．结果表明,由于两种竹子叶片在物理结构上差异较大。尤其是慈竹叶片背面具有成排细茸毛,导致竹裂爪螨毛竹种群不能在慈竹叶上完成世代发育;竹裂爪螨慈竹种群能取食,危害毛竹叶片,但由于寄主转换后,对其生长发育不利,导致存活率低,繁殖力弱．两种群取食各自嗜食的寄主植物时,基本生物学特性存在差异,27℃条件下,当毛竹种群以毛竹为食时,种群的内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(Ro)分别为0．1415、1．1520和15．6298;慈竹种群以慈竹为食时,rm、λ、Ro分别为0．0993、1．1044、10．0622;慈竹种群取食毛竹叶片时,rm、λ、Ro分别为0．0391、1．0399和2．5542．生殖隔离试验表明,两种群间能互相正常交配,且互相交配的时间与两种群自交时的交配时间(1次)差异不明显．同一种群交配产生的后代,其性比均在2：1左右,而不同种群杂交产生的后代全部为雄性(竹裂爪螨为孤雌产雄),这表明两种群在长期的寄主植物选择压力下已形成一定的生殖隔现象．     

湘西慈竹叶中黄酮的提取与测定

设计正交试验,以溶剂浸提-回流法提取,以分光光度法测定,研究了湘西慈竹叶中总黄酮提取和测定的方法。结果表明:溶剂、溶剂浓度、水浴温度、回流时间4种因素对提取效果影响大小依次为,溶剂>溶剂浓度>回流时间>水浴温度,其中溶剂及其浓度是主要因素,回流时间和水浴温度是次要因素。不同溶剂对慈竹叶总黄酮提取效果影响大小顺序为丙酮>乙醇>乙醚。浸提-回流法提取湘西慈竹叶中黄酮类化合物的优化提取条件(固定料液比为1∶20)是:以75%的丙酮为浸提剂,于70℃下回流加热4 h。在优化提取条件下,测得湘西慈竹叶总黄酮含量为13.0 mg.g-1(春)~12.4 mg.g-1(秋),春季新叶中黄酮含量略高于秋季老叶。湘西慈竹叶总黄酮含量略低于四川南充慈竹叶。